#2 Setting Up Your Raspberry Pi - Part 1

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This is 2nd post on Raspberry Pi tutorial.

If you want the list of posts click here. 

Now once you have an idea about what is raspberry pi and assuming you have one of its model lets proceed. Before setting up raspberry pi lets take a good look at our board. [I am considering RPi 2 here].

If you have any other board then use this link here, to get specs of your model. Referring this post list out things about your board.

Specifications about our Raspberry Pi 2 :-

1. Soc - Broadcom BCM 2836 
1. CPU - 700 MHz Quad Core ARM cortex A7
2. GPU - Broadcom VideocoreIV @250MHz
3. SDRAM - 1 GB [Shared with GPU]
4. DSP [Digital Signal Processor]
2. USB - 4 Ports v2.0
3. Video Input - 15 Pin Camera Interface Connector
4. Video Output - HDMI port, DSI Display Connector
5. Audio Output - 3.5mm Jack
6. Network - 10/100 Mbit/s Ethernet Port
7. 40 Pin GPIO header
8. Power - 800mA 5V Micro USB

So the diagram and the specs will give you a little idea about the board.

Now there are two ways to set up our Raspberry Pi.

1. Standard Way :- 
1. Connect Keyboard & Mouse to the USB Ports
2. Connect a HDMI monitor to the HDMI port [or use a HDMI to VGA converter for connecting to a Computer Monitor]
3. Connect a 5V micro USB adapter for power
4. Connect a WiFi dongle or Ethernet LAN cable for internet connection
2. Easy Way:-
1. Connect Ethernet LAN Cable to your Desktop/Laptop
2. That's it :-P [I am not kidding :D]

So it's pretty obvious that I will be preferring second way [I am kind of lazy :-P]. While discussing all this I guess we all forgot something! Do you remember I was telling something about OS ? Yes We didn't discuss anything about it. How to put OS into my board ? Which OS is needed ? Answer lies in the next post :)

Visit the next post 'Setting Up Raspberry Pi - Part 2'.

click here.

Doubts and suggestions are welcomed in the form of comments.
Thank you for reading.

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#1 What is Raspberry Pi ?

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This is 1st post on Raspberry Pi tutorial.

If you want the list of posts click here.

The Raspberry Pi is a low cost, credit-card sized computer that plugs into a computer monitor or TV, and uses a standard keyboard and mouse. You might be aware of the entry level micro controller "Arduino" [Click here for Arduino Tutorials]. In the first post of the Arduino tutorials I had mentioned about the micro processor and micro controllers, so is raspberry pi same ?

Answer to this question would be no! Raspberry Pi is a SoC [System on Chip], the exact meaning of which can be found here. In layman's language it is a computer, small sized computer. It consists of a RAM, OS, Ethernet, USB ports etc., unlike Arduino.

It is way more powerful then Arduino because it has a processor with high clock frequency, RAM, Digital Signal Processor [DSP] and it has a OS [it's not a general purpose OS, we will talk about this later].

RPi is capable of performing heavy mathematical calculations, simulations etc. and believe me the major reason for people to prefer RPi is its CHEAP ! [Compared to other SoCs].

It’s capable of doing everything you’d expect a desktop computer to do, from browsing the internet and playing high-definition video, to making spreadsheets, word-processing, and playing games or even making your own electronic/computer based projects.

The Raspberry Pi Foundation is a registered educational charity (registration number 1129409) based in the UK.

Raspberry Pi Official Website :- https://www.raspberrypi.org

Raspberry Pi Wiki :- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi

Here is video that will give you a little more idea about Raspberry Pi :-

You can buy Raspberry Pi from various retailers or their official store. There are many versions of Raspberry Pi like Raspberry Pi A, A+, B, B+, Raspberry Pi 2 etc.

Versions differ in their CPU clock speeds, RAM and GPIO [General Purpose Input Output] Pins. Depending upon your use you can choose one. [I will suggest to use the wiki link given above because they have made a table out of all specs of each RPi model].

So now I guess you have a pretty good Idea about what Raspberry Pi is and what it can do. In the following posts I will be taking Raspberry Pi 2 for consideration. [You can choose any of the above boards, tutorials will be general for every RPi model].

Once you learn using one board you can really work on any of them easily & by yourself.  

Visit the next post 'Setting Up Raspberry Pi - Part 1'.

click here.

Doubts and suggestions are welcomed in the form of comments.
Thank you for reading.

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NAO [The Robot], learns to refuse Human Orders !

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To get more information about NAO, click here.

Nao (pronounced now) is an autonomous, programmable humanoid robot developed by Aldebaran Robotics, a French robotics company headquartered in Paris. The robot's development began with the launch of Project Nao in 2004.

This robot has a built in AI, which helps it to learn few basic things, like throw wrapper in dustbin etc. But for developers NAO is a robot to play with and experiment with. 

Few developers from HRI labs at TUFTS University programmed this robot to make decisions and say 'NO' to human orders. Sounds like a SCI-FI movie come true right ? 

Well it indeed is, but is this safe ? Or is it a danger sign ? lets check it.

NAO showing consequence reasoning :-

In the video above the person asks the robot to walk forward, the robot scans the area in front of him and observes there is no support. The decision making algorithm decides that walking ahead is unsafe. Robot says 'NO' to the person who has given him the power to make decisions! Later when the person says that he will catch him and won't let him fall robot analyzes the situation and finds that it is safe to walk now since he will be catching us. This is a point where the robot trusts the person and takes the decision. 

Analyzing the situation :- 

•  Technically, its just a program which returns false, when the robot scans the front space and decides not to walk.
• Secondly, it is programmed to walk when he senses someone will catch him in such situations. 

Question is was this actual Intelligence ? Indeed it is, but since I have no idea of the source code, here is guess. Depending on how many times the person said that he will catch him and how many times he did and didn't, will decide what decision will the robot take. The trust factor will vary depending upon its experience [Artificial Intelligence].

Well played ROBOT !! :-P

NAO rejecting human request :-

In this video the person asks the robot to walk forward, after scanning and detecting a obstacle ahead the robot says 'NO' to the person. The person asks the robot to disable the Obstacle detection program, which the robot can disable. But it checks and finds that the person giving the orders has no right to disable this function. So the order is rejected by the robot.

Analyzing the situation :- 

• Well the robot just does what is told to do ! It is obvious that the developer had restricted the access to the obstacle detection program, but is it safe ?
• Check this situation, the same robot is programmed to keep a eye on a vault. The vault has a glass of water, the person who has set the robot to guard the vault, can only disable the protection. There is a guest in a house and the person faints, now the guest orders the robot to disable the guarding function, but it won't. Water in the vault is the only way to make the person conscious again, and the faint person is the one who can open the vault to get that water. The guarding robot will indeed fail in this situation and it can prove fatal.
• Well the robot which can decide what is to be done in the above situation is definitely a Intelligent Robot. But such robots or such Intelligence is way too far for now. 

 So the question is that is it safe to design such robots that can deny humans ? well it is important to do so, or else humans can use the robots for unethical purposes. But what if the robot says  no to human order when it was important for the robot to accept the order ? The robotics field is yet to develop and when the perfect balance between the decision making comes, Robots will come in to picture & will become a integral part of daily lives!  

Looking at the way developers are dealing with robots, it seems the days are not too far when you will be seeing robots walk down the road just like any other living things :)

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Refreshing Desktop Continuously ? You Might Wanna Check This !

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Stay Tuned 😉

First things first, you are not alone !!! :-P

But what happens when we refresh & why do we do it frequently ?

Human beings have a inborn tendency to follow someone better and/or superior then them, and what's wrong ? it's good to do so. But knowingly or unknowingly we tend to follow too much ! 

You might have seen some computer engineer, professional or a friend refreshing his/her PC frequently. Without wondering what might be happening, you must have started to follow it & now you must have realized that 'I have this habit of refreshing my desktop frequently'. After many years here we are, reading this article and finding out what does the refreshing exactly does ??

Before I technically reveal the function of refresh button or rather F5, let me break the mystery !

• NO, Refresh doesn't clear RAM and make your PC smooth.
• NO, it doesn't refresh OS [you might be feeling that OS will be refreshed and it will work smoothly].
• Well maybe it makes my windows faster for time being, again a unfortunate NO.

Well great then you wasted your time by refreshing your PC like thousand times [may be in a day :-P].  

So now when we are aware of the bitter truth what does refresh do ?

Well There is folder named 'desktop' in the Windows operating system. It is programmed to auto-refresh when its contents change.

• The refresh option was given by windows so that if desktop does not display the files or folders you just created, moved, deleted, renamed or saved on it, hitting refresh will display those changes. 
• Refresh will re-align your desktop icons if you made some changes in appearance. 
• Refresh will help you if you find that you cannot use the desktop icons.
• And such similar situations where the contents of the desktop or the folder do not change when expected to.

So basically refresh is of no use for general users who do not make changes on the desktop !! STOP REFRESHING FREQUENTLY !!

It has become almost like a compulsive disorder, to refresh the desktop constantly. You may have noticed this habit especially among some Computer Engineers and Technicians who are obsessed with using the Refresh option, with no valid reason !

People tend to follow and there you are, a part of that big community which refreshes for no reason :)

Break the habit and share this post so that others can break the habit too !

Comments are welcomed :)

Thank You.

P.S. :- Never refresh desktop in front of the people who have read this, they might think you as an Idiot.